Is the Gut Brain Connection Real for Kids?

By Dr. Leo Bennett, Child Development Advisor | Expert Advice Column | Childcare Standards Council

In recent years, you may have noticed growing interest in the so called gut brain connection. Once considered a fringe theory, it is now a mainstream area of scientific research particularly in relation to children’s health and development.

But is the gut brain connection real for kids? And what does it actually mean for parents, carers and early years professionals?

In this article, we’ll explore what the latest research says about the gut brain axis in childhood, how diet and gut health may influence behaviour and brain development, and whether supporting gut health really can help improve your child’s mood, focus or even sleep.

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What Is the Gut Brain Connection?

The gut brain axis refers to the two way communication between the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and the central nervous system. Essentially, the gut and brain are constantly “talking” to each other via a complex network involving:

• Nerves, especially the vagus nerve

• Hormones and neurotransmitters (like serotonin)

• Immune cells and inflammatory signals

• Gut microbiota the trillions of bacteria and other microbes living in our intestines

  
  

In children, this connection is especially important because both the brain and the gut microbiome are still developing, and early influences can have long term effects on health and behaviour.

The Science in 2025: What We Know So Far

Gut Microbiome and Brain Development

Studies in both animals and humans show that early life gut microbiota play a key role in brain development. Disruptions to the microbiome such as through antibiotic use, poor diet, or stress have been linked to changes in social behaviour, cognitive function and emotional regulation.

Emerging research suggests that the diversity and balance of gut bacteria in infancy and toddlerhood may influence a child’s likelihood of developing:

• Anxiety or depression

• Attention issues

• Behavioural challenges

• Food sensitivities or intolerances

  
  

Diet, Behaviour and Mood

Children who eat a diverse, fibre rich diet including fruits, vegetables, whole grains and fermented foods tend to have more balanced gut microbiota. This, in turn, may help with:

• Emotional regulation

• Sleep quality

• Focus and attention span

• Lower stress responses

  
  

The gut produces about 90% of the body’s serotonin, often known as the “feel good” neurotransmitter. While most of this stays in the gut, it highlights just how closely gut function and mood are linked.

Can Gut Health Really Influence Tantrums or Sleep?

This is one of the most common questions parents ask and the answer is: potentially, yes.

While gut health isn’t a magic fix for every emotional or behavioural difficulty, poor gut function (such as chronic constipation, food intolerances, or an unbalanced microbiome) can make children more irritable, anxious, or tired.

These symptoms may show up as:

• Frequent tantrums

• Trouble settling at bedtime

• Mood swings or low energy

• Digestive discomfort (which children may not be able to describe)

  
  

Improving gut health often forms part of a wider, holistic strategy to support wellbeing alongside sleep routines, emotional support, and age appropriate boundaries.

Supporting the Gut Brain Connection in Young Children

Here are evidence informed ways to support your child’s gut health and, in turn, nurture their developing brain and emotional resilience:

1. Offer a Balanced, Varied Diet

• Aim for plenty of plant based diversity different colours and textures of fruit and veg.

• Include whole grains, legumes, and healthy fats (like olive oil or avocado).

• Minimise ultra processed foods and added sugar, which can disrupt gut bacteria.

  
  

2. Consider Probiotic and Prebiotic Foods

• Probiotic rich options include natural yoghurt (unsweetened), kefir, sauerkraut, and miso.

• Prebiotics, found in bananas, oats, onions and garlic, help feed healthy gut bacteria.

  
  

Before giving supplements, especially to babies or toddlers, consult a healthcare professional.

3. Avoid Unnecessary Antibiotics

While antibiotics can be life saving, they can also disturb the balance of gut microbiota. Only use them when prescribed and needed.

4. Encourage Outdoor Play and Physical Activity

Regular activity and exposure to nature have been shown to support both gut and mental health. Activities like gardening, messy play and time in green spaces are beneficial.

5. Respond to Stress with Connection

Chronic stress can alter the gut microbiome and contribute to tummy troubles. Gentle, responsive parenting helps reduce stress hormones and supports healthy gut brain feedback.

What About Babies?

For babies, gut health starts from birth. Vaginal delivery, skin to skin contact, and breastfeeding (if possible) all help to seed beneficial gut bacteria. However, every baby is different, and formula fed or caesarean born babies can absolutely thrive with support and guidance.

Some babies may benefit from probiotic drops, especially if they’ve experienced colic, reflux, or antibiotic treatment but always consult your GP or health visitor before use.

When to Seek Professional Support

If your child shows persistent signs of gut discomfort (such as bloating, diarrhoea, constipation, or unexplained irritability), speak with a GP, health visitor, or dietitian. In some cases, allergies or intolerances such as to cow’s milk protein may be involved.

Mental health concerns like anxiety, sleep issues, or behavioural problems should also be addressed holistically, and not solely attributed to diet or gut health.

Final Thoughts: A Promising but Developing Field

So, is the gut brain connection real for kids? The answer is yes but it’s complex. While we now understand that gut health plays a significant role in children’s development, it’s only one part of the puzzle.

The best approach is balanced: nourish your child’s gut through whole foods, movement and emotional connection, while staying alert to any concerns. Avoid overcomplicating your family’s life with rigid food rules or unproven supplements.

Trust that small, consistent choices like an extra vegetable at dinner or five minutes outdoors can make a real difference over time.